作者机构：
[Xiaofang Chen; Chao Wang; Min Chen; Junwei Huang; Ting Jiang; Qiwu Zhang] School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;[Huimin Hu] State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
通讯机构：
[Qiwu Zhang] S;School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
摘要：
In this study, an efficient stabilizer material for cadmium (Cd2+) treatment was successfully prepared by simply co-milling olivine with magnesite. Several analytical methods including XRD, TEM, SEM and FTIR, combined with theoretical calculations (DFT), were used to investigate mechanochemical interfacial reaction between two minerals, and the reaction mechanism of Cd removal, with ion exchange between Cd2+ and Mg2+ as the main pathway. A fixation capacity of Cd2+ as high as 270.61 mg/g, much higher than that of the pristine minerals and even the individual/physical mixture of milled olivine and magnesite, has been obtained at optimized conditions, with a neutral pH value of the solution after treatment to allow its direct discharge. The as-proposed Mg-based stabilizer with various advantages such as cost benefits, green feature etc., will boosts the utilization efficiency of natural minerals over the elaborately prepared adsorbents.
期刊：
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering,2024年12(5):757- ISSN：2077-1312
通讯作者：
Yongpeng Ou
作者机构：
[Junjie Chen; Guo Xiang; Wei Wang] Department of Naval Architecture, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China;Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.;[Hao Wu] School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Energy Power Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430033, China;[Yongpeng Ou] Department of Naval Architecture, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China<&wdkj&>Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
通讯机构：
[Yongpeng Ou] D;Department of Naval Architecture, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China<&wdkj&>Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
摘要：
The maximum diving depth of modern submarines has always been increasing. Although this has been useful and in some cases necessary, it usually comes with some risks. For instance, when a submarine encounters an emergency situation that requires immediate ascent from great depths, the situation becomes more dangerous, especially due to its rolling characteristics. To investigate the effect of unsteady forces during free ascent motion of submarines at great depths on submarine rolling, in this study, the SST-DDES model combined with the overset grid technique was used for the numerical simulation of a submarine free ascent. Water tank experiments for free ascent were conducted to validate the numerical approach, which confirmed the reliability of the numerical method. Following this, the CFD method was employed to conduct an initial exploratory investigation into the free ascent motion of deep-submergence submarines. The free ascent motion of submarines at great depths under five different degrees of freedom combinations was studied. The computational results indicated that submarines are more prone to roll over during free ascent at great depths. At a depth six times the length of the submarine, the maximum roll angle underwater reaches 22.8°. In addition, unsteady rolling moments, lateral forces, and yawing moments have a significant effect on submarine rolling, intensifying the tendency to roll. Furthermore, it was observed that the vertical hydrodynamic attack angle β is related to the rolling stability of the submarine, such that a moderate decrease in β is beneficial for the rolling stability. The numerical calculation method and preliminary research findings can provide theoretical support for controlling the ascent motion of real submarines.
摘要：
Purpose
Chatbots are increasingly engaged in service marketing. Some academics and managers think using anthropomorphism chatbots will improve positive attitudes and behaviors in the customer journey, but at a high degree of anthropomorphism, consumers may experience negative emotions such as fear and disgust due to the feeling that the robots resemble humans too much, which is known as the uncanny valley effect. Therefore, the authors aim to explore whether chatbot anthropomorphism will promote or limit the development of the customer journey and explore the moderating factors and the antecedent factors affecting consumers' perceptions of chatbot anthropomorphism.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors collected 72,782 unique data points from 42 articles and 82 samples using a meta-analysis. Based on the stimuli-organism-response (SOR) model, the impact of anthropomorphic chatbots on the consumer journey was discussed.
Findings
The authors’ findings show that chatbot anthropomorphism positively impacts the customer journey but not their negative attitudes. Further moderator analysis reveals that the impact depends on service result, chatbot gender and sample source. The chatbot anthropomorphism is significantly influenced by social presence cues, emotional message cues and mixed cues.
Originality/value
This research contributes to the chatbot anthropomorphism literature and offers guidance for managers on whether and how to enhance chatbot anthropomorphism to facilitate the customer journey and improve service sustainability.
通讯机构：
[Li, GS ] W;Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Naval Architecture Ocean & Energy Power Engn, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Safety of hydrogen energy;Bibliometrics analysis;Visualization;Situation analysis
摘要：
This paper primarily revolves around the safety of hydrogen energy, utilizing bibliometric methods for visual analysis and offering insights into future research directions. A total of 8283 research papers focusing on hydrogen safety were analyzed in the past thirty years from the period of 1992 to 2022. The analysis covered diverse aspects, including the countries of publication, affiliations of authors, frequently cited journals, research hotspots, keywords, and future trends. The findings of this research indicate a growing prominence of studies related to hydrogen safety. Among the top 10 countries with the highest number of publications, China ranks first with 2414 research papers. Among the Total Link Strength (TLS) indicator, the United States, Germany, and China rank first, second, and third, indicating that they have extensive collaborative experiences internationally. The International Journal of Hydrogen Energy stands out with the highest publication count, totaling 931 articles. The research hotspots in the early, middle, and later stages have focused on hydrogen storage safety, hydrogen combustion and explosion safety, hydrogen self-ignition (including flame propagation), and hydrogen embrittlement, respectively. These trends suggest a continuous progression in understanding and addressing safety aspects in the field of hydrogen research. However, the understanding of mechanisms of hydrogen autoignition is still limited. There is an urgent need to further strengthen research on prevention and control measures related to hydrogen self-ignition. Furthermore, researchers also need focus on both quantity and quality, enhance international cooperation, and facilitate cross-disciplinary advancements in hydrogen safety.
摘要：
Unlike conventional hyperspectral image (HSI) classification in general scenes, agricultural HSI classification poses greater challenges due to the increased occurrence of "same spectrum different object" and "different spectrum same object" phenomena caused by class similarities. Furthermore, the dense spatial distribution of land cover categories in agricultural scenes and the mixing of spatial-spectral features at crop boundaries add to the complexity of agricultural HSIs. To tackle these issues, we propose SANet, a network designed to enhance crop classification. SANet integrates spectral and contextual information while emphasizing self-correlation within the HSIs. It combines the spatial-spectral nonlocal block structure and the multiscale spectral self-attention (SSA) structure, allocating more attention resources to spatial and spectral dimensions and modeling the existing correlations within the spectral-spatial domain. Additionally, we introduce a two-branch spatial-spectral semantic extraction and fusion structure that can adaptively learn results from both branches. Experimental results demonstrate the promising performance of SANet in agricultural HSI classification by effectively utilizing spectral data, contextual information, and self-attention mechanisms.
关键词：
Home-devices' digital twin;Human-machine interface;Human cyber-physical system;Internet of things;Game theory model
摘要：
Digital twin (DT) and other emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), data mining, reinforcement learning, remote intelligent control, and machine learning offer enormous potential for transforming today’s equipment model into intelligent devices. It is one of the key technologies to endorse the virtual and remote intelligent control system for home-devices (HD) in human comfort (disabled/elderly). The relevant research is in the initial stage, and how to realize the DT of home-equipment control has become a vital problem to be solved. This study expounds on the suggestion and application of the DT model and summarizes the research and application progress from the aspect of the home-devices’ DT (HDDT) modeling. This modelling approach is three-staged: in terms of physical entities, virtual entities, and connectivity (data communication). The proposed model utilizes an interactive mechanism for the intelligent control of HD, by integrating DT and virtual simulation technologies to establish a human cyber-physical system (HCPS), specifically addressing the challenges associated with remote-control problems. The HCPS aims to achieve a deep integration and interface between the physical and virtual spaces of smart-device information. Using the game theory approach to create multi-physical entities and DT entities of IoT-based HD like washing machines, lamps, breakers, heaters, kitchen equipment, TV, AC, etc. The next step is to develop high-performance smart devices and build a reasonable sensing network to improve the depth and range of connection. The equipment tracking test showed that the system could control virtual reality synchronization, positional accuracy, and quality control for smart-devices development in HDDT modeling.
通讯机构：
[Tao, Y ] H;Hubei Key Lab Adv Technol Automot Components, Wuhan 430070, Peoples R China.;Wuhan Univ Technol, Hubei Collaborat Innovat Ctr forAutomot Components, Wuhan, Peoples R China.;Wuhan Univ Technol, Hubei Res Ctr New Energy & Intelligent Connected V, Wuhan 430070, Peoples R China.
摘要：
The doping of nonmetals in multiphase metal catalysts can effectively improve the catalytic performance and reduce the catalyst cost. In this study, we synthesized transition metal phosphide (RuCo@P/CNT) catalysts loaded on carbon nanotubes (CNT) using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as the reducing agent. The microstructure and phase composition of RuCo@P/CNT nanoparticles were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and BET. RuCo@P/CNT nanoparticles show superior catalytic activity and cycle stability in the catalytic ammonia borane hydrolysis process compared to Ru/CNT and RuCo/CNT nanoparticles, retaining 65.74% of their initial catalytic activity after 5 reaction cycles. The test yielded values for turnover frequency and activation energy of 327.33 min-1 and 36.77 kJ center dot mol-1, respectively. Additionally, a kinetic isotope effect value of 2.61 for H2O/D2O showed that O-H bond breaking in proportional acceptor water is the decisive step in the dehydrogenation of ammonia borane, and based on this discovery, a specific mechanism for the catalytic hydrolysis of AB by RuCo@P NPs is postulated.
摘要：
In the electronic industry, the composite of copper (Cu) and aluminum nitride (AlN) is widely used, but obtaining Cu/AlN/Cu functionally gradient materials (Cu/AlN/Cu FGMs) in a single step using traditional laminated sintering processes has proven challenging due to significant differences in their physical properties. To address this issue, molybdenum (Mo), with a high melting point and low expansion, was involved in creating a continuous gradient structure with AlN and a quasi-continuous interfacial structure with Cu. The continuous interfacial structure of Mo/AlN gradient materials was obtained by hot pressing at 1650 degrees C. Subsequently, the quasi-continuous interfacial structure of Cu/Mo heterogeneous metal joints with high shear strength was achieved by utilizing the diffusion welding method at 700-950 degrees C. The results indicated that the optimum shear strength of Cu/AlN/Cu FGMs is around 90 MPa. However, Cu/AlN/Cu FGMs with different diffusion interlayers failed in different ways when shear occurred, which greatly depends on the phase compositions at the joint. The challenges are overcome by utilizing Mo to construct the continuous and quasi-continuous interfaces, resulting in Cu/AlN/Cu FGMs with improved shear properties.
期刊：
Advances in Colloid and Interface Science,2024年328:103175 ISSN：0001-8686
通讯作者：
Zhang, Jinshu;Kuang, Xiaoxu;Tu, Rong;Zhang, Song
作者机构：
[Zhang, Jinshu] Triumph Science &Technology Group Co., Ltd., Anhui 233000, China. Electronic address: berkeley@163.com;[Kuang, Xiaoxu] Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Chaozhou 521000, China. Electronic address: kuangmeinv@hotmail.com;[Tu, Rong; Zhang, Song] Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Chaozhou 521000, China;[Tu, Rong] State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China. Electronic address: turong@whut.edu.cn;[Zhang, Song] State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China. Electronic address: kobe@whut.edu.cn
通讯机构：
[Zhang, Jinshu] T;[Tu, Rong; Zhang, Song] S;[Kuang, Xiaoxu] C;Triumph Science &Technology Group Co., Ltd., Anhui 233000, China. Electronic address:;Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Chaozhou 521000, China. Electronic address:
关键词：
Chemical bath deposition;Gallium oxide;Hydrothermal;Photocatalytic;Sensor;Sol−gel
摘要：
Gallium oxide (Ga(2)O(3)), as a new kind of ultra-wide band gap semiconductor material, is widely studied in many fields, such as power electronics, UV-blind photodetectors, solar cells and so on. Owing to the advantages of its excellent performance and broad application prospects in semiconductor technology, Ga(2)O(3) materials have attracted extensive academic and technological attention. This review mainly focuses on introducing the main liquid-phase synthesis methods of Ga(2)O(3) nanoparticles, such as direct-precipitation, chemical bath deposition, hydrothermal, solvothermal, and sol-gel method, including the characteristics in process and advantages and disadvantages of these methods. Then, the effects of reaction conditions, such as pH, capping agent, aging and calcination conditions, on the morphologies and sizes of the precursor and the final products were elucidated. Moreover, the applications of Ga(2)O(3) particles in the fields of catalysis, gas sensors, and other devices in current research on Ga(2)O(3) nanomaterials are discussed with the description of the basic working principle and influence factors.
摘要：
The ongoing process of urbanization in China has led to a growing concern regarding environmental contamination caused by the significant accumulation of construction demolition trash. This study employs the water thermal method to synthesize hydroxyapatite using natural waste oyster shells as the primary raw material. This study explores the use of synthesized hydroxyapatite (O-HA) on building waste red-brick fragments (RBF) for removing cadmium (Cd(II)) and chromium (Cr(VI)) from water. The RBF fillers, both before and after modification, underwent comprehensive characterization using various techniques, including automated analysis of specific surface area and porosity (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In the sixth cycle of purification experiments, the average removal rate of Cd(II) by O-HA-modified red-bricks (O-HA/RBF) could still reach 88.18 %, which was about 20.00 % higher than that of the RBF. However, the removal of Cr(VI) by O-HA/RBF was unsatisfactory at 5.33 %. The adsorption mechanisms of Cd(II) and Cr(VI) were explored by isothermal adsorption tests and adsorption kinetic tests. According to the mechanism analysis, physical adsorption and chemical adsorption were the main reasons for Cd(II) adsorption by O-HA/RBF. This involves ion exchange and surface complexation between calcium ions in O-HA and Cd(II), forming a low-solubility precipitate for effective removal. However, for Cr(VI), physisorption predominantly governs O-HA/RBF, elucidating the limited efficacy in Cr(VI) removal. The cost analysis showed that using O-HA/RBF as filler reduced overall expenses in wetland development, offering promising prospects for engineering applications.
摘要：
iFEM(inverse finite element method)是目前进行结构应变场构建最有前景的方法之一,其目的是在结构离散应变采集过程中,以最少的实际测点获取满足精度要求的结构应变场.在一些局部区域应变数据不易采集时,可尝试采用虚实结合的方式进行离散应变数据的采集.本文以船舶典型结构加筋板为例,根据实测数据,结合仿真模型,依据Xgboost的测点回归方法,基于iFEM技术依次计算实测、仿真和虚实结合三种方法的应变场重构精度,分析误差原因.通过预测,当47个物理测点时平均误差最低,为1.92%,以虚实结合路径输入15个点和21个点时结果与验证点的误差均小于3%,验证了虚实结合快速补充缺失数据的应变场重构的方法操作性强、准确度高.
摘要：
The phenomenon of sustainable salt damage caused by soluble salt solutions in salt environments has raised concerns in asphalt pavement. However, the evaluation methods for salt erosion damage in asphalt concrete are limited, and there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of the composition of asphalt concrete. In this study, asphalt concrete specimens immersed in NaCl solution were subjected to dry-wet cycles and freeze-thaw cycles to analyze the erosion mechanisms of NaCl solution on their mechanical properties. The chemical stability and microstructure of asphalt after immersion in NaCl solution, as well as the microstructure and mechanical properties of aggregates after NaCl solution immersion and dry-wet cycles, were investigated. The results showed that NaCl solution has a softening effect on asphalt, promoting the intrusion of NaCl crystalline salt into the asphalt. The salt crystallization of NaCl solution altered the surface roughness of the aggregates, resulting in a decrease in skid resistance but an improvement in compressive strength. Specifically, limestone exhibited more stable mechanical properties than basalt. Meanwhile, the NaCl solution concentration has no significant impact on the mechanical performance of asphalt concrete initially, but its domination over mechanical performance gradually increases as the salt environment's cyclic effects intensify. The mechanisms of salt damage in asphalt concrete by NaCl solution mainly involve dry-wet cycles (crystal volume expansion), freeze-thaw cycles (ice volume expansion), and asphalt softening and viscosity reduction. The findings of this study provide a basis for the durability research of asphalt pavements in salt environments.
作者：
Shang, H. D.;Peng, T.;Liu, X. Y.;Liu, S. B.;Wang, S.;...
期刊：
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY,2024年34(5):1-5 ISSN：1051-8223
通讯作者：
Peng, T;Liu, XY
作者机构：
[Shang, H. D.; Peng, T.; Wang, S.; Peng, T; Liu, S. B.; Pan, Z. Y.; Li, L.] Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Wuhan Natl High Magnet Field Ctr, Sch Elect & Elect Engn, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China.;[Liu, X. Y.; Liu, XY] Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Entrepreneurship, Wuhan 430070, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Peng, T ] H;[Liu, XY ] W;Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Wuhan Natl High Magnet Field Ctr, Sch Elect & Elect Engn, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China.;Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Entrepreneurship, Wuhan 430070, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Superconducting magnets;Magnetic fields;Conductors;Capacitors;Magnetomechanical effects;Magnetic circuits;Voltage;Conical bore;flat-top pulsed high field magnet;magnet design
摘要：
A magnet has been developed to generate 30 T pulsed magnetic field with 100 ms flat-top at the Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center (WHMFC). By adjusting the conductor height of each layer, this magnet has a typical bore with 20 mm diameter and a conical bore with 30 degree opening angle on the one side for X-ray diffraction and neutron scattering experiments. Fast cooling technique was used for better cooling performance, and eight stainless steel rods were placed in the cooling channel to resist the strong axial electromagnetic force. The magnet was connected in series with an auxiliary coil to extend the flat-top duration of the magnetic field, and energized with nineteen 1.25 MJ capacitor modules. The multiple capacitor modules are pre-charged to the set voltage, and then triggered in sequence. Peak field of 30 T with 90 ms flat-top and 1% flatness was obtained with optimized initial voltage and trigger time of each capacitor module.
摘要：
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used in the modern society, such as electric vehicle and energy storage system. The most common application scenario of LIB is in the confined space. LIBs were prone to release flammable gases (such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and hydrocarbons) under abuse conditions, and the gas accumulation deflagrated with catastrophic power especially in the confined space. The ventilation condition and cathode materials of the LIB influence the destructive power of deflagration. In this study, thermal runaway (TR) tests on the Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)O-2 (NCM811) and Li(Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2)O-2 (NCM622) cells with different states of charge (SOCs) were conducted in a confined box under different ventilation conditions. The location of peak pressure, gas temperature, deflagration pressure, and the effects of ventilation were analyzed. Based on the measured values of the pressure at different locations, the peak pressure was generally located at the top of the confined space. The gas temperature and pressure of NCM811 batteries were generally higher than those of NCM622 batteries. NCM811 cells not only had a lower trigger temperature of thermal runaway (TR), but also a high destructive power of deflagration. The impact of ventilation condition on deflagration was studied, and the result of dimensionless analysis indicated that the deflagration pressure was influenced by opening factor, explosion gas volume, explosion heat, and explosion temperature. With the increasing of the opening angle of the window, the peak deflagration pressure firstly increased (from 30 degrees to 60 degrees) then decreased, indicating that there was an competitive mechanism between the combustion and pressure relief with the improvement of ventilation condition. This work helps us understand the hazards of LIB deflagration under different ventilation conditions and provides a reference for ventilation design in battery application scenarios which ensure the process safety through fire protection design.
摘要：
Abstract: Helen E. Longino, in her article “Rethinking Evidence and Under-Determination” undertook a rigorous reexamination of the classic “under-determination thesis” within the philosophy of science. She pointed out that previous interpretations of this thesis were biased, overly emphasizing the equivalence of experience while ignoring the relevance between theory and evidence. This oversight, she argued, led to a significant underestimation of the social dimensions of knowledge production. To rectify this imbalance, Longino introduced a novel perspective termed “critical contextual empiricism.” This approach sought to reinterpret and enrich our understanding of the under-determination thesis by emphasizing the social characteristics of knowledge and its generative processes. She skillfully integrated critical thinking into her framework, ensuring that it avoided the pitfalls of relativism and maintained a robust commitment to objectivity. Longino’s unique contribution provided profound insights into the complexities of the under-determination thesis and offered valuable guidance for advancing scientific inquiry. However, further discussions are needed on how social factors can ensure the validity of evidence and how to achieve the norms of objectivity.#@#@#摘要: 在《重新认识证据和不完全决定性》一文中，海伦·朗基诺对科学哲学领域的经典议题“不充分决定论题”进行了深入探讨。她指出，以往对该论题的解读存在偏颇，过于强调经验的等价性，却忽视了证据与理论之间的关联性，进而未能全面考虑知识产生的社会性背景。为了弥补这一不足，朗基诺提出了“批判的语境经验主义”这一新视角，旨在强调知识的社会属性，聚焦于知识的生成过程，并通过引入批判性思维，以避免陷入相对主义的困境。朗基诺的独特分析路径为不完全决定论题提供了新的见解，并为科学进步贡献了富有指导性的观点。然而，关于社会性因素如何确保证据的有效性，以及如何实现客观性的规范等问题，仍有待进一步探讨。
摘要：
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the measurement invariance of the Meaning in Life Questionnaire between Postgraduate Entrance Exam candidates and non-candidates in college students, and test the difference in meaning in life between the two groups. A convenience sample of 1338 college students completed the Meaning in Life Questionnaire and were asked whether they had decided to take National Postgraduate Entrance Examination, which divided them into two groups: Postgraduate Entrance Exam candidates and non-candidates. The results showed that the two-factor structure of the Meaning in Life Questionnaire fit the data well and was strict invariance across the two groups. The t-tests revealed a significant difference between Postgraduate Entrance Exam candidates and non-candidates on the presence of meaning subscale (t(1, 1336) = 5.968, p = 0.000, d = 0.33). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups on the search for meaning subscale (t(1, 1336) = 0.142, p = 0.887, d = 0.01). In conclusion, the Meaning in Life Questionnaire was strict invariance across Postgraduate Entrance Exam candidates and non-candidates, and candidates reported more meaning in life than non- candidates.#@#@#摘要: 研究旨在考察人生意义感量表在考研和不考研大学生之间的测量等值性，检验两者在人生意义感上的差异。研究招募1338名大学生，施测人生意义问卷，并询问“是否决定将来考研？”，以将其分为考研组和不考研组。结果发现，人生意义问卷的双因子结构良好地拟合数据，且在考研组和不考研组之间达到严格等值。t检验显示，考研组在人生意义体验分量表上得分显著高于不考研组：t(1, 1336) = 5.968，p = 0.000，d = 0.33，但两组在人生意义寻求分量表上没有显著差异：t(1, 1336) = 0.142，p = 0.887，d = 0.01。总之，人生意义问卷在考研和不考研者之间严格等值，而考研者比不考研者的人生意义体验更多。
